New York has fallen short in a new study ranking cities on artificial intelligence use, with London taking the top spot and Dubai also finishing ahead of the US city. The report, described as a first-of-its-kind look at urban AI strength, puts two global rivals in front of New York in the race to be seen as the leading AI city.

The findings suggest the result is not simply about whether people are using AI tools. According to the study, New Yorkers are already frequent adopters of AI, showing that the technology has a strong presence in daily and professional life across the city.

Even so, the research points to a more cautious mood in New York than in several European capitals. Respondents there were said to be less optimistic about AI’s outcomes than people surveyed in London, Berlin and Dublin, highlighting a gap between adoption and confidence.

That contrast may help explain why New York was overtaken in the ranking despite its large tech and business footprint. For now, the study suggests London leads the conversation on AI-ready cities, while Dubai is emerging as a serious contender alongside the more established global centers.